关中-天水经济区人类活动对植被覆盖变化的影响

为探究植被覆盖变化及人类活动对改善关中地区及西北地区的生态环境影响,利用植被覆盖和地表温度数据,结合Sen趋势与Mann-Kendall检验分析关中-天水经济区2001—2016年的植被覆盖变化趋势,并根据估算的土壤湿度因子,应用残差法评价人类活动对植被覆盖变化的影响程度及影响方向。结果表明:1)从时间变化维度来看,2001—2016年关中-天水经济区植被覆盖变化总体呈良好趋势,且整体表现为在不断波动中递增,表明关天经济区进行的生态环境建设工程正在慢慢凸显它的生态效应。2)从空间变化维度来看,关中-天水经济区植被覆盖显著增长的区域面积占35.87%,主要集中在研究区南北两侧。而显著下降的面积区域占3.21%,主要分布在城市中心,即经济发展活跃的地区,如西安市区,宝鸡市区,天水市区,铜川市区等。3)关中-天水经济区植被覆盖受自然因素影响较小,受其他因素影响大。其正相关区域占13.43%,不显著相关区域占85.26%。4)关中-天水经济区人类活动对植被覆盖变化的正作用大于负作用。其中,正作用区域主要分布在研究区北部和东南地区,其主要原因是人类活动不频繁,建设生态屏障、加强退耕还林、三北防护林保护以及水土保持等生态工程促进植被NDVI增长。负作用区域主要分布在渭河沿线、经济活动较高地区,其主要原因有:人类活动频繁、过度城市化、工业化等抑制植被生长。5)植被覆盖的增长和下降区域与人类活动对植被影响的正作用和负作用区域大致相同。这也从侧面反映了关天经济区植被覆盖情况受人类活动影响大。总之,在负作用区域,在经济建设发展的同时也要注重植被建设、以及对植被乃至生态环境的保护。     

长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的影响

为研究长期不同施肥方式对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量的影响,以国家黄土高原农业生态试验站长期定位施肥试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(NM)、磷肥配施有机肥(PM)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(NPM)8个处理,应用氯仿熏蒸-浸提法和生态化学计量比,研究了30 a不同施肥方式下土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量变化及其与土壤基本理化性状的关系。结果表明:长期施肥较CK处理均能提高土壤微生物量氮、磷含量;与CK相比,施用化肥处理的微生物量碳含量均有所降低,而微生物量氮、磷含量显著提高;除NM处理外,施用有机肥处理的土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量较CK处理均显著提高。长期单施化肥、有机肥和化肥有机肥配施处理的微生物量C∶N显著低于CK处理,等量施磷处理(P、NP、PM、NPM)的微生物量C∶P、N∶P均低于CK和其余施肥处理,而NM处理的微生物量C∶P、N∶P显著高于其余处理。冗余分析显示,土壤全氮(F=13.9,P=0.002)对土壤微生物生物量影响最大,解释了微生物量变化的5.3%,各理化性质的影响顺序为全氮全磷pH有机质;相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量碳、磷分别与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷呈显著正相关,土壤微生物量氮与有机质、全氮呈显著正相关。长期单施化肥使土壤酸碱度发生改变,对微生物的生命活动产生抑制作用。而长期化肥配施有机肥能不同程度提高土壤养分含量,促进土壤微生物的生长繁殖,进而增强微生物对碳、氮、磷等元素的吸收利用,对于提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率具有重要意义。     

The routes to fruit: Governance of urban food trees in Canada

Interest in planting urban food trees (UFTs) in public spaces is growing in popularity as a form of urban greening and a potential food source. Currently there is minimal research on the governance and policy aspects of integrating food trees into cities. To fill this gap, we investigated the characteristics of UFT site governance and how it compares to current urban forest governance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant municipal officials in Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Victoria about their perspectives and involvement with UFT sites in their city. A scan of policy documents was completed to supplement the interviews. The interviews were analyzed using a deductive coding framework based on the Policy Arrangement Approach. We found that key actors at the UFT sites were local organizations and site champions, with minimal municipal engagement. Most site resources provided by municipalities were in-kind. There are also basic knowledge gaps about how to care for UFTs. Currently municipal by-laws prohibit the harvesting and removal of plant material, and are at odds with the purpose of UFT sites, with few municipalities fully integrating UFTs in policies. The primary discussion around UFTs centre concerns for public health and safety, management, and use of public space with limited discussions of benefits. This research demonstrates the value of co-governance models to support UFTs, while a shift in focus from risks to benefits could encourage additional resources and policy integration. Further, including UFTs into policy would also support foraging and food tree maintenance in public spaces, and more fully reflect the plurality of urban forest engagement.     

Citizens’ perception of and satisfaction with urban forests and green space: Results from selected Southeast European cities

In this paper the results of the first comprehensive study on perception of and satisfaction with urban forests and green space in seven Southeast European cities are presented. The aims of the paper are to analyse 1) citizen perceptions of the current state of urban forests and green space in their cities, 2) to what extent current urban forests and green space meet their needs and how this can be improved. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using a common face-to-face survey questionnaire. Respondents were selected based on census data though a stratified sampling procedure by taking into account age, gender and city district (n = 384 in each city). The results showed that citizens genuinely care for urban forests and green space in their cities, but are not satisfied with their current state. The respondents found issues related to misbehaviour of other users, the presence and quality of facilities, as well as the presence and quality of management or maintenance the most pressing. There were more statistically significant differences than similarities between cities. Socioeconomic variables explained perceptions only to some extent. Citizens were very supportive of educational campaigns about the importance of urban forests and green space as well as of better enforcement of the existing regulations though having more community wardens that were expected to tackle current unsatisfactory situations. Urban planning and urban forest and green space management in these cities are facing many problems characteristic for post-socialist countries. Study findings are expected to contribute to decision making in urban planning and natural resource management.     

Public perceptions and attitudes toward green infrastructure on buildings: The case of the metropolitan area of Athens,Greece

As the impact of green space shrinkage in urban centers becomes obvious, local and regional authorities must adopt environmental planning policies that can help create new green areas to ensure a good quality of life for citizens, along with the rehabilitation of the natural environment. One approach is the promotion of green infrastructure on buildings, including multi-dwelling apartment buildings. In order to effectively promote green infrastructure on buildings, it is essential to comprehend public attitudes toward green infrastructure, so that suitable and effective strategies can be implemented by policy makers. In this study, eight hundred respondents were asked to provide their views on green infrastructure on buildings, on construction that should take place on blocks of apartments in order to accommodate green infrastructure and on the related benefits that may arise from creating green spaces on buildings. A structured questionnaire and stratified sampling were used for the interviews, which were conducted with apartment owners in two regional units of Athens. The results showed that most citizens are willing to proceed with the installation of a green roof, trellis or vertical garden, in order to improve the aesthetics and functionality of the building they live in. Most of the respondents are not familiar with the energy savings that may occur from the installation of a green roof, vertical trellis or garden and wish for a subsidy from the state in order to implement green building solutions. To conclude, the participants in our study are not environmentally aware, since they are not interested in energy conservation but only about the aesthetics of their building; furthermore, they expect to receive financial support from the state in order to make any changes to their home.     

植物根系对土壤团聚体形成作用机制研究回顾

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,土壤水力侵蚀的微观描述即为土壤团聚体的破裂过程。研究表明:植物根系可以改变土壤的力学以及水文特征,促进土壤团聚体的形成和稳定。因此,对近20年国内外的相关研究成果进行较为系统的回顾,从根系对土壤团聚体的物理、生物、电化学作用3个研究视角,分析了植物根系对土壤团聚体形成的作用机制,提出了现有研究中存在的问题及研究趋势,这对深入认识植物根系对土壤团聚体的影响及其作用机制、发展根-土相互作用的土壤侵蚀过程模型具有重要的意义。     

Integrating ecosystem service supply and demand into ecological risk assessment: a comprehensive framework and case study

Landscape Ecology - Human beings face a growing supply–demand risk in ecosystem services (SDRES) due to anthropogenic environmental change and human activity. It is urgent to construct an...     

Microbial function in adjacent subtropical forest and agricultural soil

Soil microbial communities and their activities are altered by land use change; however impacts and extent of these alterations are often unclear. We investigated the functional responses of soil microbes in agricultural soil under sugarcane and corresponding native soil under Eucalyptus forest to additions of contrasting plant litter derived from soybean, sugarcane and Eucalyptus in a microcosm system, using a suite of complimentary techniques including enzyme assays and community level physiological profiles (CLPP). Initially agricultural soil had 50% less microbial biomass and lower enzyme activities than forest soil, but significantly higher nitrification rates. In response to litter addition, microbial biomass increased up to 11-fold in agricultural soil, but only 1.8-fold in forest soil, suggesting a prevalence of rapidly proliferating ‘r’ and slower growing ‘K’ strategists in the respective soils. Litter-driven change in microbial biomass and activities were short lived, largely returning to pre-litter addition levels by day 150. Decomposition rates of sugarcane and soybean litter as estimated via CO₂ production were lower in agricultural than in forest soil, but decomposition of more recalcitrant Eucalyptus litter was similar in both soils, contradicting the notion that microbial communities specialise in decomposing litter of the dominant local plant species. Enzyme activities and community level physiological profiles (CLPP) were closely correlated to microbial biomass and overall CO₂ production in the agricultural soil but not the forest soil, suggesting contrasting relationships between microbial population dynamics and activity in the two soils. Activities of enzymes that break down complex biopolymers, such as protease, cellulase and phenol oxidase were similar or higher in the agricultural soil, which suggests that the production of extracellular biopolymer-degrading enzymes was not a factor limiting litter decomposition. Enzyme and CLPP analyses produced contrasting profiles of microbial activity in the two soils; however the combination of both analyses offers additional insights into the changes in microbial function and community dynamics that occur after conversion of forest to agricultural land.     

江苏省流域生态管理的若干问题研究

在分析江苏省流域管理现状及存在的问题基础上,对实施流域生态管理过程中涉及的若干问题研究,提出:①完善流域生态管理的政策支撑体系,要有相关法律法规制度保障、有完善的规划体系可执行;②改革流域管理体制,打破流域与行政区域的隔阂,建立江苏省流域委员会;③创新流域生态管理机制,建立流域安全机制、生态补偿机制、流域协作轴线、多参与流域决策系统和虚拟水战略等;④强化流域生态管理的技术支持,施行生态管理技术和数字流域建设等。     

中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率时空特征与空间错位

为评估中国蔬菜绿色生产率，提升蔬菜生产绿色发展水平，推进农业高质量发展。该研究采用超效率SBM-ML模型、空间错位指数、主成分分析法等方法，探究2011—2020年中国30个省市蔬菜绿色全要素生产率的时空格局演变与空间错位特征，识别影响中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率的主要因素。研究结果发现：1）2011—2020年中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率整体呈下降趋势，由1.023 1降低到0.741 4，蔬菜生产与生态环境可持续发展的协调程度降低，其中技术效率下降和技术退步共同拖累了蔬菜绿色全要素生产率的提高。2）2011—2020年中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率增长呈“东高西低，南高北低”的空间分布特征。北回归线以南产区蔬菜绿色全要素生产率最高，西北产区蔬菜绿色全要素生产率最低，其差异主要取决于水土资源供给状况与市场需求规模等因素。3）2011—2020年中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率与技术效率的空间错位由北向南大致呈现“正向错位—负向错位”的变化趋势，整体以低错位为主。东北产区、中部产区地势平坦，农业生产条件良好，有利于蔬菜规模化种植。2011—2020年中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率与技术进步的空间错位呈显著的“东正西负”的空间分布特征，且空间错位程度较大，负向错位省份数量由13个增至17个。由于蔬菜生产过于追求经济效益，忽视了绿色生产技术的投入。4）经济发展水平、资源环境禀赋和交通通达性是影响中国省域蔬菜绿色全要素生产率变化的主要因素，其中城镇化率和人均可支配收入等经济要素对蔬菜绿色全要素生产率的影响最为明显。研究结果可准确把握现阶段蔬菜绿色生产现状，为农业绿色转型发展提供借鉴。